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Neuronal microexons are a highly conserved class of alternative splicing events enriched in genes with critical functions in nervous system biology^(1,2). Microexon splicing is often disrupted in the brains of autistic individuals, and mice with microexon deficiencies display autism-like phenotypes^(1,3,4). However, the full landscape of microexons is not known, and the impact of genetic variation on these exons has not been systematically investigated. Here, through extensive transcriptome...

Dysregulated immune activation at the vascular surface drives microvascular inflammation and tissue injury in many diseases, yet current therapies do not restore immune regulation at the blood-vessel interface. Terminal sialic acids engage inhibitory Siglec receptors on circulating immune cells and function as endogenous glyco-immune checkpoint ligands. Loss of sialylation on vascular endothelial cells during injury disrupts this regulatory axis and promotes vascular damage. Here, we introduce a...

BACKGROUND: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a complex autoimmune disease with distinct clinical and serological subtypes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several susceptibility loci, particularly within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but the broader genetic architecture and causal variants underlying AAV remain incompletely defined.

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Stroboscopic light stimulation (SLS) reliably evokes geometric visual hallucinations and, in some contexts, altered-state experiences. Its increasing use in research, public, recreational and exploratory clinical settings creates a need for proportionate safety guidance. The main concern is a visually triggered seizure in a susceptible individual; reported non-epileptic responses include discomfort or distress. We combined a retrospective survey of safety practices and reported events across...

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CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric CPA exhibits a dynamic, progressive course in which conversative management often leads to clinical deterioration. ISR was the most effective treatment for improving ischemic symptoms, highlighting the role of hypoperfusion in CPA. Collaborative prospective studies are needed to determine optimal management strategies for pediatric CPA.

DNA motif discovery and, particularly, computational modeling of transcription factor binding motifs, has been a mecca of algorithmic bioinformatics for several decades. Here, we report the results of the largest open community challenge in Inferring BInding Specificities (IBIS), where participants all over the world were invited to construct binding specificity models from multi-assay experimental data for poorly studied human transcription factors. The submissions were rigorously tested...

This Letter presents a combination of searches for Higgs boson pair (HH) production performed by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations using proton-proton collision datasets recorded at sqrt[s]=13 TeV during the Large Hadron Collider Run 2, corresponding to integrated luminosities ranging between 126 and 140 fb^{-1}. The upper limit at the 95% confidence level on the total HH signal strength, defined as the ratio of the measured cross section to the standard model (SM) prediction, corresponds to 2.5,...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the biofluid most proximal to the central nervous system (CNS), yet its proteomic organization across neurological disease remains unresolved. We assembled a meta-atlas of 35 CSF proteomic datasets (2016-2026) comprising 10,560 quality-controlled samples spanning neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, neuro-oncological, infectious and structural-injury contexts. Meta-analysis of cross-cohort detection defined a 747-protein core mass-spectrometry-accessible CSF...

Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics is rapidly advancing, becoming fast, affordable, and increasingly accessible to environmental scientists. This perspective outlines how proteomics can illuminate biotransformation processes and sublethal organism-level effects, and highlights future opportunities enabled by emerging technologies. Our goal is to give a concise overview on realistic expectations of current capabilities while inspiring scientists to adapt and develop novel proteomic approaches...

Whole-genome sequencing has revealed hundreds of cancer driver mutations in protein-coding genes, while our knowledge of how non-coding mutations contribute to tumorigenesis remains limited. Here, we develop and perform large-scale functional screens to identify non-coding regulatory elements whose mutations drive cancer development in non-transformed human breast epithelial cells and mouse models of breast and skin cancer. We identify 12 frequently mutated regulatory elements associated with 16...

Machine learning models have seen a lot of success in medical image segmentation domain. However, one of the challenges that they face are confounders or shortcuts: spurious correlations or biases in the training data that affect the resulting models. One example of such confounders for surgical machine learning is the setup of surgical equipment, including tools and lighting. Using the task of identification of safe and dangerous zones of dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy images and...

N⁶-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant mRNA modification, regulating gene expression through binding of reader proteins, such as YTHDF2, which promote mRNA decay. Previous studies indicate YTHDF2 has relatively weak intrinsic RNA-binding affinity, suggesting additional factors may facilitate RNA binding. Here, we show that the C2H2-Zinc Finger protein, ZNF121, binds mRNA in cells and physically interacts with YTHDF2 in the cytoplasm. We demonstrate that ∼80% of ZNF121-bound mRNAs are also...

Subclass cell types are strongly conserved across mammalian brains, making the systemic absence of a caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) Pax6 interneuron subclass in mouse transcriptional atlases unexpected. Through cross-species transcriptomic analysis, we identify a Pax6 subclass homolog in mouse and uncover primate-specific divergence in the Sncg subclass. Analyses of electrophysiological and spatial datasets reveal limited subclass-specific structure in either modality, emphasizing the superior...

Tremendous maturation in brain structure and function, underlying very rapid cognitive development, occurs in the early years of life, yet it has been difficult to obtain reliable measures of brain function over this period. A major challenge has been the difficulty of acquiring reliable neuroimaging data from awake young children, who often struggle to tolerate conventional imaging environments or remain still during scanning. Existing approaches each involves important compromises between...

CONCLUSIONS: The results support the need for, and perceived value of, specialized clinics for adults with complex healthcare needs and their caregivers.

This Letter presents a measurement of prompt charged-particle production in proton-oxygen interactions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=9.62 TeV center-of-mass energy with the ATLAS detector, corresponding to 634 μb^{-1} of integrated luminosity. A total of 246×10^{6} selected events have at least one track with transverse momentum p_{T}>500 MeV and pseudorapidity |η|<2.5. The measured fiducial proton-oxygen cross section is σ_{fid.}^{pO}=396±6(exp.)±9(lumi.) mb and the extrapolated inelastic proton-air cross...

Cell differentiation into distinct cell types generates functional specialization in eukaryotic organisms. Many fungal species undergo filamentous growth, where cells differentiate into elongated and adhesive filaments capable of expansion and invasion into new environments. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae also undergoes filamentous growth, and the regulatory pathways that control the response have been well characterized; however, the roles essential proteins play in this response...

MOTIVATION: Dose-response metrics such as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration, high-dose-response, and slope are central to drug discovery, yet standard Levenberg-Marquardt fits often produce biased or unsupported values for incomplete curves and lack uncertainty measures. In practice, this forces experimenters to visually inspect each curve fit to judge its reliability, a tedious, subjective, and non-scalable process.