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Characterizing replicability in the clustering structure of brain morphology in autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder

1 day 18 hours ago
In neurodevelopmental research, within-diagnosis heterogeneity and across-diagnosis overlap necessitate a shift from case-control designs to data-driven clustering approaches. However, our understanding of the replicability of these clustering structures across independent datasets remains limited. Our objective was to examine the replicability of clustering structure in measures of brain morphology in neurodiverse children across two independent datasets, namely the Province of Ontario...
Younes Sadat-Nejad

Using deep learning to predict internalizing problems from brain structure in youth

2 days 18 hours ago
Internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety and depression) are associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes. While some predictors of internalizing problems are known (e.g., their frequent co-occurrence with neurodevelopmental (ND) conditions), the biological markers of internalizing problems are not well understood. Here, we used deep learning, a powerful tool for identifying complex and multi-dimensional brain-behaviour relationships, to predict cross-sectional and worsening longitudinal...
Marlee M Vandewouw

Divergent organelle allocation in the evolution of sperm gigantism revealed from subcellular quantification of nematode sperm with electron microscopy

2 days 18 hours ago
Sperm gigantism has evolved multiple times independently, raising the question of whether intracellular allocation strategies evolved in concert with cell size. Allocation to intracellular components might evolve from direct selection on specific subcellular constituents that affect cell size indirectly, or instead as a byproduct of selection on cell size per se. We used transmission electron microscopy of nematode spermatozoa to quantify investment in pseudopods, mitochondria, and membranous...
Rebecca Schalkowski

Elucidating tissue and subcellular specificity of the entire SUMO network reveals how stress responses are fine-tuned in a eukaryote

4 days 18 hours ago
SUMOylation is essential in plant and animal cells, but it remains unknown how small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) components act in concert to modify specific targets in response to environmental stresses. In this study, we characterize every SUMO component in the Arabidopsis root to create a complete SUMO Cell Atlas in eukaryotes. This unique resource reveals wide spatial variation, where SUMO proteins and proteases have subfunctionalized in both their expression and subcellular localization....
Jason Banda

Gene-set enrichment analysis and visualization on the web using EnrichmentMap:RNASeq

4 days 18 hours ago
SUMMARY: EnrichmentMap: RNASeq (enrichmentmap.org) is an intuitive, web-based app for gene-set enrichment analysis and visualization, specifically supporting two-case RNA-Seq experiments for Homo sapiens. The web app introduces a simplified user interface, faster processing times, and eliminates the need for software installation compared to running similar workflows in the Cytoscape desktop software, catering to biologists with minimal computational experience. EnrichmentMap: RNASeq is a new...
Max Franz

Structural brain differences in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed uninfected

4 days 18 hours ago
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in utero HIV and ART exposure have broad neuroanatomic developmental impacts, particularly in boys, with significant differences in brain regions critical for motor function, expressive language, memory, and emotion. These structural differences align with previously reported motor and language deficits and highlight the importance of early intervention and tailored support strategies for CHEU.
Eve A Forster

Peripheral blood DNA methylation predicts the early onset of primary tumor in TP53 mutation carriers

5 days 18 hours ago
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) confers high lifetime cancer risk due to germline TP53 pathogenic variants (PV). A comprehensive surveillance regimen termed the 'Toronto Protocol', has been adopted for early tumor detection, demonstrating improved survival among TP53 PV carriers. However, the protocol's "one-size-fits-all" approach fails to consider individual cancer risk. To personalize screening, we developed a support vector machine model to predict early onset of primary tumors (age < 6) using...
Vallijah Subasri

UPR deficiency leads to poor growth, aneuploidy, and a trade-off between ER and general proteostasis in yeast

1 week 2 days ago
The unfolded protein response (UPR) was discovered in budding yeast as a mechanism that allows cells to adapt to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors. Although the UPR is not thought to be necessary for cellular fitness of wild-type cells in the absence of stress, we found that UPR deficiency led to poor growth in cycling mitotic yeast cells. This led to pervasive adaptive aneuploidy of specific chromosomes that was seen in divergent strain backgrounds, indicating an important basal role for...
Constantine Bartolutti

Impaired nutrient absorption, reduced bone mass and alterations in the gut microbiome contribute to postnatal growth retardation in a mouse model of MWS

1 week 2 days ago
Mowat‒Wilson syndrome (MWS), a rare genetic disorder caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in ZEB2, is characterised by significant growth retardation with unclear mechanisms. In this study, we developed a Zeb2 haploinsufficient (Zeb2^(+/-)) mouse model that recapitulates key features of MWS, including reduced body weight, impaired intestinal development and skeletal hypoplasia. RNA sequencing revealed significant downregulation of nutrient digestion and absorption pathways in the...
Yangyang Ge

Detecting latent interaction effects when analyzing binary traits

1 week 2 days ago
In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), it is often desirable to test for interactions, such as gene-environment (G x E) or gene-gene (G x G) interactions, between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, G's) and environmental variables (E's). However, directly accounting for interaction is often infeasible, because the interacting variable is latent or the computational burden is too large. For quantitative traits (Y) that are approximately normally distributed, it has been shown that...
Ziang Zhang

Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Young Patients: A Multi-Institutional Study of the Canadian Head &amp; Neck Collaborative Research Initiative

1 week 2 days ago
ImportanceOral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is rare in patients ≤40 years, and their risk factors, presentation, and outcomes may differ from older patients.ObjectiveTo assess the epidemiology, risk factors, and oncologic outcomes of young patients (≤40 years) with OCSCC compared to those >40 years.DesignA multi-institutional retrospective cohort study.SettingNine Canadian institutions from 2005 to 2019.ParticipantsIn total, 4506 adults with OCSCC, of whom 205 (4.55%) were young and...
Xinyuan Hong

Evaluating the relationship between caregiver depression, social support, and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms in families affected by 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

1 week 6 days ago
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide valuable insights into the mental health burdens facing families living with 22q11DS. Interventions focusing on 22q11DS should integrate techniques to foster social and other supports to improve the mental health of caregivers and children.
Holly Carbyn

Designing a blended microbial culture to bioremediate distinct environmental matrices from a complex industrial site contaminated with amino-, nitro-, and chloroaromatic compounds

2 weeks ago
The contamination of soil and groundwater by amino-, nitro-, and chloroaromatics, which are compounds extensively used in chemical manufacturing, including pesticide production, poses significant risks due to their toxicity and mutagenicity. This study presents a proof-of-concept blended bacterial culture, developed by combining individual contaminant-degrading enrichments. The culture was tested for bioremediation of three contaminated environmental matrices from a former agrochemical site in...
Isabelle Câmara